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Sulfasalazine & Sulfonamide Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide & Phenytoin
This is by no means a definitive list (they are many!) but these are some of the most common causes.
U have no pot and you have no T but you have a long PR and a long QT
Low potassium causes:
U waves (small deflection immediately after T wave)
Flattened/inverted T waves
Prolonged PR interval
Apparent prolonged QT interval (due to fusion of T and U waves)
Also:
Increased P wave amplitude
Widespread ST depression
In the UK and US, the main causes are gallstones and alcohol.
Use the mnemonic 'I GET SMASHED':
Idiopathic
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps / Malignancy
Autoimmune
Scorpion stings
Hypercalcaemia / Hypertriglyceridaemia / Hypothermia
ERCP
Drugs (including azathioprine, mesalazine, bendroflumethiazide, furosemide, steroids, sodium valproate)
clearance = (urine concentration x urine volume passed over time) / plasma concentration
the only useful thing my prof ever taught me for the renal physiology portion of my physiology course is that clearance is calculated by the equation “pissing under the sun” ( C = UV/P)