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A while back, I did some testing in Metroid 2: the Return of Samus. I wanted to see how consistent damage values were, among other things.
The above document is my findings. I tested all damage values from every source, tried out every weapon on every enemy, and even cross compared between damage while using the base suit, and the Varia suit.
I found that the damage values were consistent, and I mapped hit points for each enemy based on the number of power beam shots each enemy takes to defeat. Using this, I was able to figure out how much damage each beam deals.